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 Oystercatcher literature
 

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This page aims to give an overview of the existing literature on Eurasian Oystercatcher.

Note: This is a work in progress, and thus not a complete list! By far....

  1. Anderson, K. D. and C. D. T. Minton. 1978. Origins and movements of Oystercatchers on the Wash. British Birds 71:439-447.

  2. Atkinson, P. W., N. A. Clark, J. A. Clark, M. C. Bell, P. J. Dare, and P. L. Ireland.  The effects of changes in shellfish stocks and winter weather on shorebird populations: results of a 30 year study on the Wash, England. 238, 1-54. 2000. Thetford, British Trust for Ornithology.

  3. Beintema, A. J., R. J. Beintema-Hietbrink, and G. J. D. M. Muskens. 1985. A shift in the timing of breeding in meadow birds. Ardea 73:83-89.

  4. Briggs, K. 1984. The breeding ecology of coastal and inland Oystercatchers in North Lancashire. Bird Study 31:141-147.
 

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  1. Bruinzeel, L.W., Van de Pol, M. & Trierweiler, C. 2006. Competitive abilities of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) occupying territories of different quality. Journal of Ornithology 147: 457-463  

  2. Bruinzeel, L.W. & van de Pol, M. (2004). Site attachment of floaters predicts success in territory acquisition. Behavioral Ecology 15, 290-296.

  3. Bruinzeel, L.W. & van de Pol, M. (2003). Populatie achteruitgang van scholeksters op Schiermonnikoog. Limosa 76, 25-26.

  4. Bruinzeel,L.W. (2004) Search, settle, reside & resign. PhD thesis University of Groningen.

  5. Bunskoeke,E.J., Ens,B.J., Hulscher,J.B. & de Vlas,J. (1996) Why do Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus switch from feeding on Baltic tellin Macoma baltica to feeding on the ragworm Nereis diversicolor during the breeding season? Ardea, 84A, 91-104.

  6. Caldow, R. W. G. and J. D. Goss-Custard. 1996. Temporal variation in the social rank of adult oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ardea 84A:389-399.

  7. Camphuysen,C.J., Ens,B.J., Heg,D., Hulscher,J.B., van der Meer,J. & Smit,C.J. (1996) Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus winter mortality in The Netherlands: the effect of severe weather and food supply. Ardea, 84a, 469-492.

  8. Cayford, J. T. and J. D. Goss-Custard. 1990. Seasonal changes in the size selection of mussels, Mytilus edulis, by Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus: an optimality approach. Animal Behaviour 40:609-624.

  9. Coulson, J. C. 2002. Does density-dependent mortality occur in wintering Eurasian Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus and breeding adult Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla ? Ibis 143:500-502.

  10. Daan, S. and P. Koene. 1981. On the timing of foraging flights by oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, on tidal mudflats. Netherlands Journal of Sea Rresearch 15:1-22.

  11. Dare, P.J. & A.J. Mercer, 1973. Foods of the oystercatcher in Morecambe Bay, Lancashire.--Bird Study 20:173-184.

  12. Dare, P. J. 1977. Seasonal changes in body weight of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ibis 119:494-506.

  13. Dare, P. J. and A. J. Mercer. 1974. The timing of wing moult in the Oystercatcher. Ibis 116:211-214.

  14. Davidson, N. C. and P. R. Evans. 1982. Mortality of Redshanks and Oystercatcher from starvation during severe weather. Bird Study 29:183-188.

  15. Davidson, P. E. 1967. A study of the Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus, in relation to the fishery for cockles Cardium edule in the Burry Inlet, South Wales. Fisheries Investigation, London 25:1-28.

  16. Davidson, P. E. 1968. The Oystercatcher - A pest of shellfisheries. Pages 141-155 in R. K. Murton and E. N. Wright, eds. The problem of birds as pests. Academic Press, London.

  17. de Roos, G. Th. and W. Schaafsma. 1981. Is recreation affecting the number of birds' nests? Statistica Neerlandica 35:69-90.

  18. de Roos, G. Th.  The impact of tourism upon some breeding wader species on the isle of Vlieland in the Netherlands' Wadden sea.  131. 1981.  PhD thesis, Agricultural University Wageningen.

  19. Dewar, J.M., 1908. Notes on the oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), with reference to its habit of feeding upon the mussel (Mytilus edulis).Zoologist 12:201-212.

  20. Dewar, J.M., 1913. Further observations on the feeding habits of the oystercatcher ( Haematopus ostralegus ). Zoologist 17: 41-56.

  21. Dijksen, L. 1980. Enige gegevens over broedseizoen en broedsukses bij scholeksters (Haematopus ostralegus L.) in de duinen. Watervogels 5:3-7.

  22. Drinnan, R. E. 1957. The winter feeding of the Oystercatcher on the edible cockle. Journal of Animal Ecology 26:441-469.

  23. Drinnan, R. E. 1958. The winter feeding of the Oystercatcher on the edible mussel (Mytilus edulis) in the Conway Estuary, North Wales. Fishery Invest., London 22:1-15.

  24. Dugan, P. J. 1981. The importance of nocturnal foraging in shorebirds: a consequence of increased invertebrate prey activity. Pages 251-260 in N. V. Jones and W. J. Wolff, eds. Feeding and wurvival strategies of estuarine organisms. Plenum Press, New York.

  25. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d. and P. W. Atkinson. 2004. Differential distribution of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus overwintering on the Wash, east England. Bird Study 51:76-82.

  26. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d. and J. D. Goss-Custard. 1996. Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus sex ratios on the wintering grounds: the case of the exe estuary. Ardea 84A:373-381.

  27. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d., J. D. Goss-Custard, and R. W. G. Caldow. 1993. Sex-related differences in diet and feeding method in the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Journal of Animal Ecology 62:205-215.

  28. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d, J. D. Goss-Custard, R. T. Clarke, and S. McGrorty. 2000. Density-dependent mortality in Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ibis 142:132-138.

  29. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d., J. D. Goss-Custard, R. W. G. Caldow, H. M. Malcolm, and D. Osborn. 2001. Sex, diet and feeding method-related differences in body condition in the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Ibis 143:107-119.

  30. Durell, S. E. A. L. V. d., J. D. Goss-Custard, R. A. Stillman, and A. D. West. 2001. The effect of weather and density dependence on Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus winter mortality. Ibis 143:498-499.

  31. Ens, B. J. and J. D. Goss-Custard. 1984. Interference among Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus feeding on mussels MYtilus edulis on the Exe estuary. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:217-232.

  32. Ens, B. J., U. N. Safriel, and M. P. Harris. 1993. Divorce in the long-lived and monogamous Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus: incompatibility or choosing the better option? Animal Behaviour 45:1199-1217.

  33. Ens,B.J., Kersten,M., Brenninkmeijer,A. & Hulscher,J.B. (1992) Territory quality, parental effort and reproductive success of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus). Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 703-715.

  34. Ens, B.J. (1992) The social prisoner. Causes of natural variation in reproductive success of the Oystercatcher. PhD Thesis University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

  35. Ens,B.J., Briggs,K.B., Safriel,U.N. & Smit,C.J. (1996) Life history decisions during the breeding season. The oystercatcher, from individuals to populations (ed J. D. Goss-Custard), pp. 186-218. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  36. Ens,B.J., Weissing,F.J. & Drent,R.H. (1995) The despotic distribution and deferred maturity: two sides of the same coin. American Naturalist, 146, 625-650.

  37. Ens, B. J. 1994. De carriere-beslissingen van de Scholekster Haematopus ostralegus. Limosa 67:53-67.

  38. Ens, B.J., Berrevoets, C., Bruinzeel, L.W., Bult, T., Haanstra, L., Hulscher, J.B., Koks, B., van de Pol, M., Rappoldt, C., Teunissen, W. & Verhulst, S. (2003). Wat veroorzaakt de huidige achteruitgang van scholeksters in Nederland? Limosa 76: 34-38.

  39. Ens,B.J. (1991) Gaurding your mate and losing the egg: an Oystercatcher's dilemma. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 61S, 69-70.

  40. Ens, B. J. 1988. Over hokkers, wippers en repercussies van ouderlijke zorg. Limosa 61:51-52.

  41. Exo, K. M. 1992. Methoden zur Aufnahme von Raum-Zeit-Budgets bei Voegeln, dargestellt am Beispiel des Austernfischers (Haematopus ostralegus). Vogelwarte 36:311-325.

  42. Exo, K. M., U. Eggers, R. Laschefski-Sievers, and Scheiffarth.G. 1992. Monitoring activity patterns using a micro-computer-controlled radiotelemetry system, tested for waders (Charadrii) as an example. Pages 79-87 in I. G. Priede and S. M. Swift, eds. Wildlife telemetry, remote monitoring and tracking of animals.

  43. Exo, K. M., G. Schiffarth, and U. Haesihus. 1996. The application of motion-sensitive transmitters to record activity and foraging patterns of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ardea 84A.

  44. Glinka, A. and C. Wolf. 1994. Zur brutbiologie des Austernfischers (Haematopus ostralegus) am Unteren Niederrhein. Charadrius 30:141-151.

  45. Goede, A. A. 1993. Variation in the energy intake of captive Oystercatchers haematopus ostralegus. Ardea 81:89-97.

  46. Goss-Custard, J,D. & S.E.A. Le V. dit Durell, 1983. Individual and age differences in the feeding ecology of oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, wintering in the Exe estuary, S. Devon. Ibis 125: 155-171.

  47. Goss-Custard, J,D., S.E.A. Le V. dit Durell & B.J. Ens, 1982. Individual differences in aggressiveness and food stealing among wintering oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus L. Anim. Behav. 30: 917-928.

  48. Goss-Custard, J. D. and S. E. A. Le V.dit Durell. 1987. Age-related effects in Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus on mussels Mytilus edulis. III. The effect of interference on overall intake rate. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:549-558.

  49. Goss-Custard, J. D., S. E. A. L. V. d. Durell, H. P. Sitters, and R. Swinfen. 1982. Age-structure and survival of a wintering population of Oystercatchers. Bird Study 29:83-98.

  50. Goss-Custard, J. D., R. W. G. Caldow, and R. T. Clarke. 1992. Correlates of the density of foraging Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus at different population sizes. Journal of Animal Ecology 61:159-173.

  51. Goss-Custard, J. D., R. W. G. Caldow, R. T. Clarke, S. E. A. Le V.dit Durell, and W. J. Sutherland. 2002. Deriving population parameters from individual variations in foraging behaviour. I. Empirical game theory distribution model of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus feeding on mussel Mytilus Edulis . Journal of Animal Ecology 64:265-276.

  52. Goss-Custard, J. D., R. W. G. Caldow, R. T. Clarke, and A. D. West. 1995. Deriving population parameters from individual variations in foraging behaviour. II. Model tests and population parameters. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:277-289.

  53. Goss-Custard, J. D. and W. J. Sutherland. 1983. Feeding specializations in oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Animal Behaviour 32:299-301.

  54. Goss-Custard, J. D.  et al. 1982. Individual differences in aggressiveness and food stealing among wintering Oystercatchers. Animal Behaviour 30:917-928.

  55. Goss-Custard, J. D. 1988. Individual differences in the foraging and competitive abilities of the European Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) feeding on mussels (Mytilus edulis). Pages 1857-1867 in H. Ouellet, ed. Acta 19. Congr.Intern.ornith.,Ottawa 1986.

  56. Goss-Custard, J. D., R. T. Clarke, K. B. Briggs, B. J. Ens, K. M. Exo, C. Smit, A. J. Beintema, R. W. G. Caldow, D. C. Catt, N. A. Clark, S. E. A. Le V.dit Durell, M. P. Harris, J. B. Hulscher, P. L. Meininger, N. Picozzi, R. P. Prys-Jones, U. N. Safriel, and A. D. West. 1995. Population consequences of winter habitat loss in a migratory shorebird. I. estimating model parameters. Journal of Applied Ecology 32:320-336.

  57. Goss-Custard, J. D.  et al. 1984. Rates of food intake and aggression of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus on the most and least preferred Mussel Mytilus edulis beds of the Exe estuary. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:233-246.

  58. Goss-Custard, J. D. and S. E. A. Le V.dit Durell. 1988. The effect of dominance and feeding method on the intake rates of Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, feeding on mussels. Journal of Animal Ecology 57:827-844.

  59. Goss-Custard, J. D. 1996. The oystercatcher: from individuals to populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  60. Goss-Custard, J. D. et al. 1982. Use of mussel Mytilus edulis beds by Oystercatchers haematopus ostralegus according to age and population size. Journal of Animal Ecology 51:543-554.

  61. Hancock, D. A. 1971. The role of predators and parasites in a fishery for the mollucs Cardium edule L. Pages 419-439Proc.Adv.Study Inst. Dynam.Numbers Popul.,Oosterbeek 1970.

  62. Harris, M. P. 1969. Effect of laying date on chick production in Oystercatchers and herring Gulls. Brit.Birds 62:70-75.

  63. Harris, M. P. 1970. Territory limiting the size of the breeding population of the Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) - a removal experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology 39:707-713.

  64. Harris, M. P. 1967. The biology of Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, on Skokholm Island, S.Wales. Ibis 109:180-193.

  65. Harris, M. P. and S. Wanless. 1997. The effect of removing large numbers of gulls Larus spp. on an island population of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus: implications for management. Biological Conservation 82:167-171.

  66. Harris, M. P. 1987. The pair bond and divorce among Oystercatchers haematopus ostralegus on Skokholm Island, Wales. Ibis 129:45-57.

  67. Heg,D. & Van Treuren,R. (1998) Female-female cooperation in polygynous oystercatchers. Nature, 391, 687-691.

  68. Heg,D. & van de Velde,M. (2001) Effecst of territory quality, food availability and sibling competition on the fledging success of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus). Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol., 49, 157-169.

  69. Heg,D., Bruinzeel,L.W. & Ens,B.J. (2003) Fitness consequences of divorce in the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus. Animal Behaviour, 66, 175-184.

  70. Heg,D., Dingemanse,N.J., Lessells,C.M. & Mateman,A.C. (2000) Parental correlates of offspring sex ratio in Eurasian oystercatchers. Auk, 117, 980-986.

  71. Heg,D., Ens,B.J., van der Jeugd,H.P. & Bruinzeel,L.W. (2000) Local dominance and territorial settlement of nonbreeding oystercatchers. Behaviour, 137, 473-530.

  72. Heg,D. (1999) Life-history decisions in oystercatchers. PhD Thesis University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

  73. Heg,D., Ens,B.J., Burke,T., Jenkins,L. & Kruijt,J.P. (1993) Why does the typically monogamous Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) engage in extra-pair copulations? Behaviour, 126, 247-289.

  74. Heppleston, P.B., 1970. Anatomical observations on the bill of the oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis) in relation to feeding behavi0ur.--Journal of Zoology. 161: 519-524.

  75. Heppleston, P.B. & D.F. Kerridge, 1970. Sexing oystercatchers from bill measurements.--Bird Study 17:  48-49.

  76. Heppleston, P. B. 1971. Feeding techniques of the Oystercatcher. Bird Study 18:15-20.

  77. Heppleston, P. B. 1971. Nest site selection by oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) in the Netherlands and Scotland. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 21:208-211.

  78. Heppleston, P. B. 1972. The comparative breeding ecology of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) in inland and coastal habitats. Journal of Animal Ecology 41:23-51.

  79. Heppleston, P. B. 1971. The feeding ecology of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) in winter in Northern Scotland. Journal of Animal Ecology 40:651-672.

  80. Houston, A. I. 1996. Estimating oystercatcher mortality from foraging behaviour. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11:108-109.

  81. Hulscher, J. B. 1974. An experimental study of the food intake of the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus L. in captivity during summer. Ardea 62:155-171.

  82. Hulscher, J. B., J. De Jong, and J. van Klinken. 1993. Exceptionally high numbers of inland oystercatchers during the winter of 1992/93. Limosa 66:117-123.

  83. Hulscher, J. B. 1985. Growth and abrasion of the Oystercatcher bill in relation to dietary switches. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 35:124-154.

  84. Hulscher, J. B. 1964. Hoe een Scholekster strandkrabben ving. Levende Natuur 67:49-52.

  85. Hulscher, J. B. and B. J. Ens. 1992. Is the bill of the male Oystercatcher a better tool for attacking mussels than the bill of the female? Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42:85-100.

  86. Hulscher, J. B. 1988. Mossel doodt scholekster (Haematopus ostralegus). Limosa 61:42-45.

  87. Hulscher, J. B. 1964. Scholeksters en Lamellibrachiaten in de Waddenzee. Levende Natuur 67:80-85.

  88. Hulscher, J. B. 1964. Scholeksters en wormen. LevendeNatuur 67:97-102.

  89. Hulscher, J. B. and B. J. Ens.  Somatic modifications of feeding system structures due to feeding on different foods with emphasis on changes in bill shape in Oystercatchers. Bell, B. D. and et al. Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici.  889-896. 1991. Wellington, New Zealand, New Zealand ornithological congress trust board. 1990.

  90. Hulscher, J. B. 1989. Sterfte en overleving van Scholeksters haematopus ostralegus bij strenge vorst. Limosa 62:177-181.

  91. Hulscher, J. B. 1982. The Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus as a predator of the bivalve Macoma baltica in the Dutch Waddensea. Ardea 70:89-152.

  92. Hulscher, J. B. 1977. The progress of wing-moult of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus at Drachten, The Netherlands. Ibis 119:507-512.

  93. Hulscher, J. B. and S. Verhulst. 2003. The rise and fall of the breeding population of oystercatchers in Friesland 1966-2000 (In Dutch with English summary). Limosa 76:11-22.

  94. Hulscher, J. B. 1977. Wat verkeersslachtoffers van scholeksters ons nog kunnen leren. Vanellus 6:170-179.

  95. Hulscher, J. B., K.-M. Exo, and N. A. Clark. 1996. Why do Oystercatchers migrate? Pages 155-185 in J. D. Goss-Custard, ed. The Oystercatcher: from individuals to populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  96. Hüppop, O. and K. Hagen. 1990. Der Einfluss von Stoerungen auf Wildtiere am Beispiel der Herzschlagrate bruetender Austernfischer (Haematopus ostralegus). Vogelwarte 35:301-310.

  97. Jager, T. D., J. B. Hulscher, and M. Kersten. 2000. Egg size, egg composition and reproductive success in the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Ibis 142:603-613.

  98. Kersten, M. 1996. Time and energy budgets of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus occupying territories of different quality. Ardea 84A:57-72.

  99. Kersten, M. and W. Visser. 1996. The rate of food processing in the oystercatcher: Food intake and energy expenditure constrained by a digestive bottleneck. Functional Ecology 10:440-448.

  100. Kersten,M. & Brenninkmeijer,A. (1995) Growth, fledging success and post-fledging survival of juvenile Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Ibis, 137, 396-404.

  101. Kersten, M. (1997) Living leisurely should last longer. Energetic aspects of reproduction in the Oystercatcher. PhD Thesis University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

  102. Lambeck, R. H. D., V. V. Bianki, H. Schekkerman, E. G. J. Wessel, P. M. J. Herman, and A. S. Koryakin. 1995. Biometrics and migration of Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) from the white sea region (NW Russia). Ringing & Migration 16:140-158.

  103. Lambeck, R. H. D. 1991. Changes in abundance distribution and mortality of wintering Oystercatchers after habitat loss in the delta area, S. W. Netherlands. Pages 2208-2218 in B. D. Bell and et al., eds. Acta 20.Congr.Intern.Ornith.,Christchurch 1990.

  104. Lambeck, R. H. D. and et al. 1991. Polychlorinated biphenyls in Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) from the Oosterschelde (Dutch delta area) and the Western Wadden Sea, that died from starvation during severe winter weather. Environmental Pollution 71:1-16.

  105. Leseberg, A., P. A. R. Hockey, and D. Loewenthal. 2000. Human disturbance and the chick-rearing ability of African black oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus): a geographical perspective. Biol.Conserv. 96:379-385.

  106. Lind, H. 1965. Parental feeding in the oystercatcher (Haematopus o. ostralegus (L.)). Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 59:1-31.

  107. Marcstroem, V. and J. W. Mascher. 1979. Weights and fat in Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus starved to death during a cold spell in spring. Ornis Scandinavica 10:235-240.

  108. Meire, P. M. and A. Ervynck. 1986. Are Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) selecting the most profitable mussels (Mytilus edulis)? Animal Behaviour 34:1427-1433.

  109. Mercer, A. J. 1968. Individual weight change in breeding Oystercatchers. Bird Study 15:93-98.

  110. Moody, A. L., W. A. Thompson, B. De Bruijn, A. I. Houston, and J. Goss-Custard. 1997. The analysis of the spacing of animals, with an example based on oystercatchers during the tidal cycle. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:615-628.

  111. Norris, K., R. C. A. Bannister, and P. W. Walker. 1998. Changes in the number ofoystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus wintering in the Burry Inlet in relation to the biomass of cockles Cerastoderma edule and its commercial exploitation. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:75-85.

  112. Norton-Griffiths, M. 1967. Some ecological aspects of the feeding behaviour of the Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus on the Edible Mussel Mytilus edulis. Ibis 109:412-424.

  113. Norton-Griffiths, M. 1969. The organisation, control and development of parental feeding in the oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). Behaviour 34:55-114.

  114. O'Connor, R. J. and R. A. Brown. 1977. Prey depletion and foraging strategy in the Oystercatcher haematopus ostralegus. Oecologia 27:75-92.

  115. Oosterbeek, K.H., van de Pol, M., de Jong, M.L., Smit, C.J. & Ens, B.J. (2006) Scholekster populatie studies: een bijdrage aan de zoektocht naar de oorzaken van de sterke achteruitgang van scholeksters in de Waddenzee. Alterra Research report nr. 1344.

  116. Rands, M. R. W. and J. P. Burkham. 1981. Factors controlling within-flock feeding densities in three species of wading bird. Ornis Scandinavica 12:28-36.

  117. Rutten, A.L. , Oosterbeek, K., Ens, B.J.and Verhulst, S. (2006). Optimal foraging on perilous prey: risk of bill damage reduces optimal prey size in oystercatchers. Behavioural Ecology 

  118. Safriel,U.N., Ens,B.J. & Kaiser,A. (1996) Rearing to independence. The oystercatcher: From individuals to populations (ed J. D. Goss-Custard), pp. 219-250. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  119. Safriel, U. N. 1985. 'Diet dimorphism' within an oystercatcher Hameatopus ostralegus population - adaptive significance and effects on recent distribution dynamics. Ibis 127:287-305.

  120. Safriel, U. N. 1982. Effects of disease on social hierarchy of young oystercatchers. Brit.Birds 75:365-369.

  121. Safriel, U. N. 1981. Social hierarchy among siblings in broods of the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 9:59-63.

  122. Safriel, U. N., M. P. Harris, M. d. L. Brooke, and C. K. Britton. 1984. Survival of breeding Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus. Journal of Animal Ecology 53:867-877.

  123. Salomonsen, F., 1930. Remarks on the European forms of Haematopus ostralegus L.Ibis 12: 56-66.

  124. Schnakenwinkel, G. 1970. Studien an der population des Austernfischers auf Mellum. Vogelwarte 25:337-355.

  125. Scott, G. W., A. R. Niggebrugge, and B. Sweeney. 1996. Avian habituation to recreational disturbance on the North Yorkshire coast. Naturalist Doncaster 121:11-15.

  126. Speakman, J. R. 1987. Apparent absorption efficiencies for redshank (Tringa totanus) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus): implications for the prediction of optimal foraging models. American Naturalist 130:677-691.

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